os

An operating system
git clone https://erai.gay/code/os/
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as.om (18086B)


      1 func setup_machdep_x86(c: *compiler);
      2 
      3 struct fixup {
      4 	kind: int;
      5 	next: *fixup;
      6 	label: *label;
      7 	ptr: *byte;
      8 	fill: int;
      9 	at: int;
     10 }
     11 
     12 struct label {
     13 	fix: *fixup;
     14 	at: int;
     15 	fixed: int;
     16 }
     17 
     18 struct chunk {
     19 	next: *chunk;
     20 	buf: *byte;
     21 	fill: int;
     22 	cap: int;
     23 }
     24 
     25 struct section {
     26 	next: *section;
     27 	name: *byte;
     28 	start: int;
     29 	end: int;
     30 	index: int;
     31 	name_offset: int;
     32 	type: int;
     33 	link: int;
     34 	entsize: int;
     35 }
     36 
     37 struct assembler {
     38 	a: *alloc;
     39 	out: *file;
     40 	lineout: *file;
     41 	at: int;
     42 	text: *chunk;
     43 	text_end: *chunk;
     44 	bits32: int;
     45 	symbols: *symbol;
     46 	sections: *section;
     47 	num_sections: int;
     48 	lines_out: *file;
     49 	filename: *byte;
     50 	lineno: int;
     51 	prevfilename: *byte;
     52 	prevlineno: int;
     53 	blobs: *ablob;
     54 }
     55 
     56 struct ablob {
     57 	left: *ablob;
     58 	right: *ablob;
     59 	label: *label;
     60 	s: *byte;
     61 	slen: int;
     62 }
     63 
     64 struct symbol {
     65 	next: *symbol;
     66 	name: *byte;
     67 	label: *label;
     68 	name_offset: int;
     69 }
     70 
     71 enum {
     72 	FIXUP_DISP32 = 0,
     73 	FIXUP_ARM_B = 1,
     74 	FIXUP_ARM_ADR = 2,
     75 	FIXUP_RISCV_J = 3,
     76 	FIXUP_RISCV_AUIPC = 4,
     77 }
     78 
     79 func setup_assembler(a: *alloc): *assembler {
     80 	var c: *assembler;
     81 	c = alloc(a, sizeof(*c)) as *assembler;
     82 	c.a = a;
     83 	c.out = nil;
     84 	c.at = 160; // elf header + program header + multiboot header
     85 	c.text = nil;
     86 	c.text_end = nil;
     87 	c.bits32 = 0;
     88 	c.symbols = nil;
     89 	c.num_sections = 0;
     90 	add_section(c, "", SHT_NULL);
     91 	add_section(c, ".text", SHT_PROGBITS);
     92 	return c;
     93 }
     94 
     95 func add_section(c: *assembler, name: *byte, type: int) {
     96 	var s: *section;
     97 	var n: *section;
     98 	var end: int;
     99 
    100 	end = c.at;
    101 
    102 	emit_align(c, 16, 0);
    103 
    104 	s = alloc(c.a, sizeof(*s)) as *section;
    105 
    106 	s.next = nil;
    107 	s.name = name;
    108 	s.start = c.at;
    109 	s.end = c.at;
    110 	s.index = c.num_sections;
    111 	s.type = type;
    112 	s.link = 0;
    113 	s.entsize = 0;
    114 
    115 	n = c.sections;
    116 	if n {
    117 		loop {
    118 			if !n.next {
    119 				break;
    120 			}
    121 			n = n.next;
    122 		}
    123 		n.end = end;
    124 		n.next = s;
    125 	} else {
    126 		c.sections = s;
    127 	}
    128 
    129 	c.num_sections = c.num_sections + 1;
    130 }
    131 
    132 func find_section(c: *assembler, name: *byte): *section {
    133 	var n: *section;
    134 	n = c.sections;
    135 	loop {
    136 		if !n {
    137 			break;
    138 		}
    139 
    140 		if strcmp(n.name, name) == 0 {
    141 			break;
    142 		}
    143 
    144 		n = n.next;
    145 	}
    146 	return n;
    147 }
    148 
    149 func putchar(c: *assembler, ch: int) {
    150 	fputc(c.out, ch);
    151 }
    152 
    153 func open_output(c: *assembler, filename: *byte) {
    154 	var fd: int;
    155 
    156 	if (c.out) {
    157 		die("multiple output files");
    158 	}
    159 
    160 	unlink(filename);
    161 
    162 	fd = open(filename, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY, (7 << 6) + (7 << 3) +7);
    163 	if (fd < 0) {
    164 		die("failed to open output");
    165 	}
    166 
    167 	c.out = fopen(fd, c.a);
    168 	c.out.noflush = 1;
    169 }
    170 
    171 // Create a new label
    172 func mklabel(c: *assembler): *label {
    173 	var l: *label;
    174 
    175 	l = alloc(c.a, sizeof(*l)) as *label;
    176 
    177 	l.fix = nil;
    178 	l.at = 0;
    179 	l.fixed = 0;
    180 
    181 	return l;
    182 }
    183 
    184 // Reserve size in the output buffer
    185 func reserve(c: *assembler, n: int) {
    186 	var m: *byte;
    187 	var b: *chunk;
    188 
    189 	if (c.text_end && c.text_end.cap - c.text_end.fill >= n) {
    190 		return;
    191 	}
    192 
    193 	if (n < 4096) {
    194 		n = 4096;
    195 	}
    196 
    197 	m = alloc(c.a, n);
    198 	b = alloc(c.a, sizeof(*b)) as *chunk;
    199 
    200 	b.buf = m;
    201 	b.fill = 0;
    202 	b.cap = n;
    203 	b.next = nil;
    204 
    205 	if (c.text_end) {
    206 		c.text_end.next = b;
    207 		c.text_end = b;
    208 	} else {
    209 		c.text = b;
    210 		c.text_end = b;
    211 	}
    212 }
    213 
    214 func emit_hook(c: *assembler) {
    215 	if !c.lines_out {
    216 		c.prevlineno = c.lineno;
    217 		c.prevfilename = c.filename;
    218 	}
    219 
    220 	if (
    221 		c.lineno == c.prevlineno
    222 		&& (
    223 			c.filename == c.prevfilename
    224 			|| (c.filename && c.prevfilename && !strcmp(c.filename, c.prevfilename))
    225 		)
    226 	) {
    227 		return;
    228 	}
    229 
    230 	fputh(c.lines_out, c.at + 0x100000);
    231 	fputs(c.lines_out, "\t");
    232 	if c.filename {
    233 		fputs(c.lines_out, c.filename);
    234 	}
    235 	fputs(c.lines_out, ":");
    236 	fputd(c.lines_out, c.lineno);
    237 	fputs(c.lines_out, "\n");
    238 
    239 	c.prevlineno = c.lineno;
    240 	c.prevfilename = c.filename;
    241 }
    242 
    243 // Add a single byte to the output
    244 func emit(c: *assembler, x: int) {
    245 	emit_hook(c);
    246 	reserve(c, 1);
    247 	c.text_end.buf[c.text_end.fill] = x as byte;
    248 	c.text_end.fill = c.text_end.fill + 1;
    249 	c.at = c.at + 1;
    250 }
    251 
    252 func fixup(c: *assembler, f: *fixup) {
    253 	var disp: int;
    254 	var x: int;
    255 	var here: *byte;
    256 	var rd: int;
    257 
    258 	rd = 16;
    259 	if f.kind == FIXUP_DISP32 {
    260 		if f.fill < 4 {
    261 			die("truncated fixup");
    262 		}
    263 
    264 		here = &f.ptr[-4];
    265 
    266 		disp = f.label.at - f.at;
    267 
    268 		here[0] = disp as byte;
    269 		here[1] = (disp >> 8) as byte;
    270 		here[2] = (disp >> 16) as byte;
    271 		here[3] = (disp >> 24) as byte;
    272 	} else if f.kind == FIXUP_ARM_B {
    273 		if f.fill < 4 {
    274 			die("truncated fixup");
    275 		}
    276 
    277 		disp = f.label.at - (f.at - 4);
    278 		if disp < -(1 << 25) || disp >= (1 << 25) {
    279 			die("fixup overflow");
    280 		}
    281 
    282 		x = (5 << 26) + ((disp >> 2) & ((1 << 26) - 1));
    283 
    284 		here = &f.ptr[-4];
    285 		here[0] = x as byte;
    286 		here[1] = (x >> 8) as byte;
    287 		here[2] = (x >> 16) as byte;
    288 		here[3] = (x >> 24) as byte;
    289 	} else if f.kind == FIXUP_ARM_ADR {
    290 		if f.fill < 8 {
    291 			die("truncated fixup");
    292 		}
    293 		here = &f.ptr[-8];
    294 
    295 		disp = f.label.at - (f.at - 8);
    296 		if disp >= -(1 << 21) && disp < (1 << 21) && 0 {
    297 			x = ((disp & 3) << 29) + (1 << 28) + (((disp >> 2) & ((1 << 19) - 1)) << 5) + rd;
    298 			here[0] = x as byte;
    299 			here[1] = (x >> 8) as byte;
    300 			here[2] = (x >> 16) as byte;
    301 			here[3] = (x >> 24) as byte;
    302 
    303 			x = 0xd503201f;
    304 			here[4] = x as byte;
    305 			here[5] = (x >> 8) as byte;
    306 			here[6] = (x >> 16) as byte;
    307 			here[7] = (x >> 24) as byte;
    308 		} else if disp >= -(1 << 33) && disp < (1 << 33) {
    309 			disp = (f.label.at & -4096) - ((f.at - 8) & -4096);
    310 			x = (1 << 31) + (((disp >> 12) & 3) << 29) + (1 << 28) + (((disp >> 14) & ((1 << 19) - 1)) << 5) + rd;
    311 			here[0] = x as byte;
    312 			here[1] = (x >> 8) as byte;
    313 			here[2] = (x >> 16) as byte;
    314 			here[3] = (x >> 24) as byte;
    315 
    316 			disp = f.label.at;
    317 			x = (0x122 << 23) + ((disp & 0xfff) << 10) + (rd << 5) + rd;
    318 			here[4] = x as byte;
    319 			here[5] = (x >> 8) as byte;
    320 			here[6] = (x >> 16) as byte;
    321 			here[7] = (x >> 24) as byte;
    322 		} else {
    323 			die("fixup overflow");
    324 		}
    325 	} else if f.kind == FIXUP_RISCV_AUIPC {
    326 		here = &f.ptr[-8];
    327 		disp = f.label.at - (f.at - 8);
    328 
    329 		if disp >= -(1 << 31) && disp < (1 << 31) {
    330 			rd = ((here[5] as int & 15) << 1) + (here[4] as int >> 7);
    331 
    332 			x = (disp << 20) + (rd << 15) + (rd << 7) + 0b0010011;
    333 			here[4] = x as byte;
    334 			here[5] = (x >> 8) as byte;
    335 			here[6] = (x >> 16) as byte;
    336 			here[7] = (x >> 24) as byte;
    337 
    338 			if disp & 2048 {
    339 				disp = disp + 2048;
    340 			}
    341 
    342 			x = (disp & -4096) + (rd << 7) + 0b0010111;
    343 			here[0] = x as byte;
    344 			here[1] = (x >> 8) as byte;
    345 			here[2] = (x >> 16) as byte;
    346 			here[3] = (x >> 24) as byte;
    347 		} else {
    348 			die("fixup overflow");
    349 		}
    350 	} else if f.kind == FIXUP_RISCV_J {
    351 		here = &f.ptr[-8];
    352 		disp = f.label.at - (f.at - 8);
    353 
    354 		if disp >= -(1 << 19) && disp < (1 << 19) && 0 {
    355 			x = (((disp >> 20) & 0b1) << 31)
    356 				+ (((disp >> 1) & 0b1111111111) << 21)
    357 				+ (((disp >> 11) & 0b1) << 20)
    358 				+ (((disp >> 12) & 0b11111111) << 12)
    359 				+ 0b1101111;
    360 			here[0] = x as byte;
    361 			here[1] = (x >> 8) as byte;
    362 			here[2] = (x >> 16) as byte;
    363 			here[3] = (x >> 24) as byte;
    364 		} else if disp >= -(1 << 31) && disp < (1 << 31) {
    365 			rd = 31;
    366 
    367 			x = (disp << 20) + (rd << 15) + 0b1100111;
    368 			here[4] = x as byte;
    369 			here[5] = (x >> 8) as byte;
    370 			here[6] = (x >> 16) as byte;
    371 			here[7] = (x >> 24) as byte;
    372 
    373 			if disp & 2048 {
    374 				disp = disp + 2048;
    375 			}
    376 
    377 			x = (disp & -4096) + (rd << 7) + 0b0010111;
    378 			here[0] = x as byte;
    379 			here[1] = (x >> 8) as byte;
    380 			here[2] = (x >> 16) as byte;
    381 			here[3] = (x >> 24) as byte;
    382 		} else {
    383 			die("fixup overflow");
    384 		}
    385 	} else {
    386 		die("invalid fixup");
    387 	}
    388 }
    389 
    390 // Add an new fixup for the current position
    391 func addfixup(c: *assembler, l: *label, kind: int) {
    392 	var f: *fixup;
    393 	f = alloc(c.a, sizeof(*f)) as *fixup;
    394 	f.label = l;
    395 	f.kind = kind;
    396 	f.next = l.fix;
    397 	f.ptr = &c.text_end.buf[c.text_end.fill];
    398 	f.fill = c.text_end.fill;
    399 	f.at = c.at;
    400 	l.fix = f;
    401 	if (l.fixed) {
    402 		fixup(c, f);
    403 	}
    404 }
    405 
    406 // Fix references to a label to the current position
    407 func fixup_label(c: *assembler, l: *label) {
    408 	var f: *fixup;
    409 
    410 	if (l.fixed) {
    411 		die("already fixed");
    412 	}
    413 
    414 	l.at = c.at;
    415 	l.fixed = 1;
    416 
    417 	f = l.fix;
    418 	loop {
    419 		if (!f) {
    420 			break;
    421 		}
    422 		fixup(c, f);
    423 		f = f.next;
    424 	}
    425 }
    426 
    427 func as_blob(c: *assembler, s: *byte, slen: int): *label {
    428 	var b: *ablob;
    429 	var link: **ablob;
    430 	var dir: int;
    431 
    432 	link = &c.blobs;
    433 	loop {
    434 		b = *link;
    435 		if !b {
    436 			break;
    437 		}
    438 
    439 		if b.slen < slen {
    440 			dir = memcmp(b.s, s, b.slen);
    441 			if dir == 0 {
    442 				dir = -1;
    443 			}
    444 		} else if b.slen > slen {
    445 			dir = memcmp(b.s, s, slen);
    446 			if dir == 0 {
    447 				dir = 1;
    448 			}
    449 		} else {
    450 			dir = memcmp(b.s, s, slen);
    451 		}
    452 
    453 		if dir == 0 {
    454 			return b.label;
    455 		} else if dir > 0 {
    456 			link = &b.left;
    457 		} else { // dir < 0
    458 			link = &b.right;
    459 		}
    460 	}
    461 
    462 	b = alloc(c.a, sizeof(*b)) as *ablob;
    463 
    464 	b.label = mklabel(c);
    465 	b.s = alloc(c.a, slen);
    466 	b.slen = slen;
    467 
    468 	memcpy(b.s, s, slen);
    469 
    470 	*link = b;
    471 
    472 	return b.label;
    473 }
    474 
    475 func emit_blobs(c: *assembler, b: *ablob) {
    476 	var i: int;
    477 
    478 	if !b {
    479 		return;
    480 	}
    481 
    482 	emit_blobs(c, b.left);
    483 
    484 	fixup_label(c, b.label);
    485 
    486 	i = 0;
    487 	loop {
    488 		if i == b.slen {
    489 			break;
    490 		}
    491 
    492 		as_emit(c, b.s[i] as int);
    493 
    494 		i = i + 1;
    495 	}
    496 
    497 	emit_blobs(c, b.right);
    498 }
    499 
    500 func add_symbol(c: *assembler, name: *byte, l: *label) {
    501 	var s: *symbol;
    502 
    503 	s = alloc(c.a, sizeof(*s)) as *symbol;
    504 
    505 	s.next = c.symbols;
    506 	s.name = name;
    507 	s.label = l;
    508 
    509 	c.symbols = s;
    510 }
    511 
    512 func emit_strtab_str(c: *assembler, s: *byte): int {
    513 	var i: int;
    514 
    515 	i = 0;
    516 	loop {
    517 		as_emit(c, s[i] as int);
    518 
    519 		if !s[i] {
    520 			break;
    521 		}
    522 
    523 		i = i + 1;
    524 	}
    525 
    526 	return i + 1;
    527 }
    528 
    529 enum {
    530 	SHT_NULL = 0,
    531 	SHT_PROGBITS = 1,
    532 	SHT_SYMTAB = 2,
    533 	SHT_STRTAB = 3,
    534 }
    535 
    536 func emit_sections(c: *assembler): int {
    537 	var at: int;
    538 	var s: *section;
    539 	var y: *symbol;
    540 	var n: int;
    541 	var here: int;
    542 
    543 	add_symbol(c, "", nil);
    544 
    545 	s = find_section(c, "");
    546 	s.start = 0;
    547 	s.end = 0;
    548 
    549 	here = c.at;
    550 
    551 	emit_align(c, 4096, 0);
    552 
    553 	add_section(c, ".rodata", SHT_PROGBITS);
    554 
    555 	s = find_section(c, ".text");
    556 	s.end = here;
    557 
    558 	emit_blobs(c, c.blobs);
    559 
    560 	emit_align(c, 4096, 0);
    561 
    562 	add_section(c, ".strtab", SHT_STRTAB);
    563 
    564 	y = c.symbols;
    565 	loop {
    566 		if !y {
    567 			break;
    568 		}
    569 
    570 		y.name_offset = n;
    571 		n = n + emit_strtab_str(c, y.name);
    572 
    573 		y = y.next;
    574 	}
    575 
    576 	add_section(c, ".symtab", SHT_SYMTAB);
    577 
    578 	y = c.symbols;
    579 	loop {
    580 		if !y {
    581 			break;
    582 		}
    583 
    584 		// name
    585 		n = y.name_offset;
    586 		as_emit(c, n);
    587 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    588 		as_emit(c, n >> 16);
    589 		as_emit(c, n >> 24);
    590 
    591 		// info
    592 		if y.label {
    593 			n = 0x12;
    594 		} else {
    595 			n = 0;
    596 		}
    597 		as_emit(c, n);
    598 
    599 		// other
    600 		as_emit(c, 0);
    601 
    602 		// section
    603 		if y.label {
    604 			n = 1;
    605 		} else {
    606 			n = 0;
    607 		}
    608 		as_emit(c, n);
    609 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    610 
    611 		// addr
    612 		if y.label {
    613 			n = y.label.at + 0x100000;
    614 		} else {
    615 			n = 0;
    616 		}
    617 		as_emit(c, n);
    618 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    619 		as_emit(c, n >> 16);
    620 		as_emit(c, n >> 24);
    621 		as_emit(c, n >> 32);
    622 		as_emit(c, n >> 40);
    623 		as_emit(c, n >> 48);
    624 		as_emit(c, n >> 56);
    625 
    626 		// size
    627 		as_emit(c, 0);
    628 		as_emit(c, 0);
    629 		as_emit(c, 0);
    630 		as_emit(c, 0);
    631 		as_emit(c, 0);
    632 		as_emit(c, 0);
    633 		as_emit(c, 0);
    634 		as_emit(c, 0);
    635 
    636 		y = y.next;
    637 	}
    638 
    639 	s = find_section(c, ".strtab");
    640 	n = s.index;
    641 
    642 	s = find_section(c, ".symtab");
    643 	s.link = n;
    644 	s.entsize = 0x18;
    645 
    646 	add_section(c, ".shstrtab", SHT_STRTAB);
    647 
    648 	s = c.sections;
    649 	n = 0;
    650 	loop {
    651 		if !s {
    652 			break;
    653 		}
    654 
    655 		s.name_offset = n;
    656 		n = n + emit_strtab_str(c, s.name);
    657 
    658 		s = s.next;
    659 	}
    660 
    661 	s = find_section(c, ".shstrtab");
    662 	s.end = c.at;
    663 
    664 	emit_align(c, 16, 0);
    665 
    666 	at = c.at;
    667 
    668 	s = c.sections;
    669 	loop {
    670 		if !s {
    671 			break;
    672 		}
    673 
    674 		// Name
    675 		n = s.name_offset;
    676 		as_emit(c, n);
    677 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    678 		as_emit(c, n >> 16);
    679 		as_emit(c, n >> 24);
    680 
    681 		// Type
    682 		n = s.type;
    683 		as_emit(c, n);
    684 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    685 		as_emit(c, n >> 16);
    686 		as_emit(c, n >> 24);
    687 
    688 		// Flags
    689 		if strcmp(s.name, ".text") == 0 {
    690 			n = 6;
    691 		} else if strcmp(s.name, ".rodata") == 0 {
    692 			n = 2;
    693 		} else {
    694 			n = 0;
    695 		}
    696 		as_emit(c, n);
    697 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    698 		as_emit(c, n >> 16);
    699 		as_emit(c, n >> 24);
    700 		as_emit(c, n >> 32);
    701 		as_emit(c, n >> 40);
    702 		as_emit(c, n >> 48);
    703 		as_emit(c, n >> 56);
    704 
    705 		// Addr
    706 		if s.start == s.end {
    707 			 n = 0;
    708 		} else {
    709 			n = s.start + 0x100000;
    710 		}
    711 		as_emit(c, n);
    712 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    713 		as_emit(c, n >> 16);
    714 		as_emit(c, n >> 24);
    715 		as_emit(c, n >> 32);
    716 		as_emit(c, n >> 40);
    717 		as_emit(c, n >> 48);
    718 		as_emit(c, n >> 56);
    719 
    720 		// Offset
    721 		n = s.start;
    722 		as_emit(c, n);
    723 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    724 		as_emit(c, n >> 16);
    725 		as_emit(c, n >> 24);
    726 		as_emit(c, n >> 32);
    727 		as_emit(c, n >> 40);
    728 		as_emit(c, n >> 48);
    729 		as_emit(c, n >> 56);
    730 
    731 		// Size
    732 		n = s.end - s.start;
    733 		as_emit(c, n);
    734 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    735 		as_emit(c, n >> 16);
    736 		as_emit(c, n >> 24);
    737 		as_emit(c, n >> 32);
    738 		as_emit(c, n >> 40);
    739 		as_emit(c, n >> 48);
    740 		as_emit(c, n >> 56);
    741 
    742 		// Link
    743 		n = s.link;
    744 		as_emit(c, n);
    745 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    746 		as_emit(c, n >> 16);
    747 		as_emit(c, n >> 24);
    748 
    749 		// Info
    750 		if s.type == SHT_SYMTAB {
    751 			n = 1;
    752 		} else {
    753 			n = 0;
    754 		}
    755 		as_emit(c, n);
    756 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    757 		as_emit(c, n >> 16);
    758 		as_emit(c, n >> 24);
    759 
    760 		// align
    761 		as_emit(c, 1);
    762 		as_emit(c, 0);
    763 		as_emit(c, 0);
    764 		as_emit(c, 0);
    765 		as_emit(c, 0);
    766 		as_emit(c, 0);
    767 		as_emit(c, 0);
    768 		as_emit(c, 0);
    769 
    770 		// entsize
    771 		n = s.entsize;
    772 		as_emit(c, n);
    773 		as_emit(c, n >> 8);
    774 		as_emit(c, n >> 16);
    775 		as_emit(c, n >> 24);
    776 		as_emit(c, n >> 32);
    777 		as_emit(c, n >> 40);
    778 		as_emit(c, n >> 48);
    779 		as_emit(c, n >> 56);
    780 
    781 		s = s.next;
    782 	}
    783 
    784 	return at;
    785 }
    786 
    787 func writeout(c: *assembler, machine: int, start: *label, kstart: *label) {
    788 	var b: *chunk;
    789 	var i: int;
    790 	var text_size: int;
    791 	var text_end: int;
    792 	var load_addr: int;
    793 	var entry: int;
    794 	var kentry: int;
    795 	var mb_magic: int;
    796 	var mb_flags: int;
    797 	var mb_checksum: int;
    798 	var mb_addr: int;
    799 	var s: *section;
    800 	var shoff: int;
    801 
    802 	if (!c.out) {
    803 		die("output not opened");
    804 	}
    805 
    806 	load_addr = 0x100000;
    807 
    808 	if (!start || !start.fixed) {
    809 		if !kstart {
    810 			die("_start is not defined");
    811 		}
    812 	} else {
    813 		entry = load_addr + start.at;
    814 	}
    815 
    816 	mb_magic = 0x1badb002;
    817 	mb_flags = 0x00010003;
    818 	mb_checksum = -(mb_magic + mb_flags);
    819 	mb_addr = load_addr + 120;
    820 
    821 	if (kstart && kstart.fixed) {
    822 		kentry = load_addr + kstart.at;
    823 	} else {
    824 		mb_magic = 0;
    825 		kentry = 0;
    826 	}
    827 
    828 	shoff = emit_sections(c as *assembler);
    829 
    830 	text_size = c.at;
    831 	text_end = load_addr + text_size;
    832 
    833 	// magic
    834 	putchar(c, 0x7f);
    835 	putchar(c, 'E');
    836 	putchar(c, 'L');
    837 	putchar(c, 'F');
    838 
    839 	// class
    840 	putchar(c, 2);
    841 
    842 	// endian
    843 	putchar(c, 1);
    844 
    845 	// version
    846 	putchar(c, 1);
    847 
    848 	// abi
    849 	putchar(c, 0);
    850 
    851 	// abi version
    852 	putchar(c, 0);
    853 
    854 	// padding
    855 	putchar(c, 0);
    856 	putchar(c, 0);
    857 	putchar(c, 0);
    858 	putchar(c, 0);
    859 	putchar(c, 0);
    860 	putchar(c, 0);
    861 	putchar(c, 0);
    862 
    863 	// type
    864 	putchar(c, 2);
    865 	putchar(c, 0);
    866 
    867 	// machine
    868 	putchar(c, machine);
    869 	putchar(c, 0);
    870 
    871 	// version
    872 	putchar(c, 1);
    873 	putchar(c, 0);
    874 	putchar(c, 0);
    875 	putchar(c, 0);
    876 
    877 	// entry point
    878 	putchar(c, entry);
    879 	putchar(c, entry >> 8);
    880 	putchar(c, entry >> 16);
    881 	putchar(c, entry >> 24);
    882 	putchar(c, 0);
    883 	putchar(c, 0);
    884 	putchar(c, 0);
    885 	putchar(c, 0);
    886 
    887 	// phoff
    888 	putchar(c, 64);
    889 	putchar(c, 0);
    890 	putchar(c, 0);
    891 	putchar(c, 0);
    892 	putchar(c, 0);
    893 	putchar(c, 0);
    894 	putchar(c, 0);
    895 	putchar(c, 0);
    896 
    897 	// shoff
    898 	putchar(c, shoff);
    899 	putchar(c, shoff >> 8);
    900 	putchar(c, shoff >> 16);
    901 	putchar(c, shoff >> 24);
    902 	putchar(c, shoff >> 32);
    903 	putchar(c, shoff >> 40);
    904 	putchar(c, shoff >> 48);
    905 	putchar(c, shoff >> 56);
    906 
    907 	// flags
    908 	putchar(c, 0);
    909 	putchar(c, 0);
    910 	putchar(c, 0);
    911 	putchar(c, 0);
    912 
    913 	// ehsize
    914 	putchar(c, 64);
    915 	putchar(c, 0);
    916 
    917 	// phentsize
    918 	putchar(c, 56);
    919 	putchar(c, 0);
    920 
    921 	// phnum
    922 	putchar(c, 1);
    923 	putchar(c, 0);
    924 
    925 	// shentsize
    926 	putchar(c, 64);
    927 	putchar(c, 0);
    928 
    929 	// shnum
    930 	putchar(c, c.num_sections);
    931 	putchar(c, c.num_sections >> 8);
    932 
    933 	s = find_section(c, ".shstrtab");
    934 
    935 	// shstrndx
    936 	putchar(c, s.index);
    937 	putchar(c, s.index >> 8);
    938 
    939 	// phdr[0].type
    940 	putchar(c, 1);
    941 	putchar(c, 0);
    942 	putchar(c, 0);
    943 	putchar(c, 0);
    944 
    945 	// phdr[0].flags
    946 	putchar(c, 5);
    947 	putchar(c, 0);
    948 	putchar(c, 0);
    949 	putchar(c, 0);
    950 
    951 	// phdr[0].offset
    952 	putchar(c, 0);
    953 	putchar(c, 0);
    954 	putchar(c, 0);
    955 	putchar(c, 0);
    956 	putchar(c, 0);
    957 	putchar(c, 0);
    958 	putchar(c, 0);
    959 	putchar(c, 0);
    960 
    961 	// phdr[0].vaddr
    962 	putchar(c, 0);
    963 	putchar(c, 0);
    964 	putchar(c, 0x10);
    965 	putchar(c, 0);
    966 	putchar(c, 0);
    967 	putchar(c, 0);
    968 	putchar(c, 0);
    969 	putchar(c, 0);
    970 
    971 	// phdr[0].paddr
    972 	putchar(c, 0);
    973 	putchar(c, 0);
    974 	putchar(c, 0);
    975 	putchar(c, 0);
    976 	putchar(c, 0);
    977 	putchar(c, 0);
    978 	putchar(c, 0);
    979 	putchar(c, 0);
    980 
    981 	// phdr[0].filesize
    982 	putchar(c, text_size);
    983 	putchar(c, text_size >> 8);
    984 	putchar(c, text_size >> 16);
    985 	putchar(c, text_size >> 24);
    986 	putchar(c, 0);
    987 	putchar(c, 0);
    988 	putchar(c, 0);
    989 	putchar(c, 0);
    990 
    991 	// phdr[0].memsize
    992 	putchar(c, text_size);
    993 	putchar(c, text_size >> 8);
    994 	putchar(c, text_size >> 16);
    995 	putchar(c, text_size >> 24);
    996 	putchar(c, 0);
    997 	putchar(c, 0);
    998 	putchar(c, 0);
    999 	putchar(c, 0);
   1000 
   1001 	// phdr[0].align
   1002 	putchar(c, 0);
   1003 	putchar(c, 0);
   1004 	putchar(c, 0);
   1005 	putchar(c, 0);
   1006 	putchar(c, 0);
   1007 	putchar(c, 0);
   1008 	putchar(c, 0);
   1009 	putchar(c, 0);
   1010 
   1011 	// multiboot magic
   1012 	putchar(c, mb_magic);
   1013 	putchar(c, mb_magic >> 8);
   1014 	putchar(c, mb_magic >> 16);
   1015 	putchar(c, mb_magic >> 24);
   1016 
   1017 	// multiboot flags
   1018 	putchar(c, mb_flags);
   1019 	putchar(c, mb_flags >> 8);
   1020 	putchar(c, mb_flags >> 16);
   1021 	putchar(c, mb_flags >> 24);
   1022 
   1023 	// multboot checksum
   1024 	putchar(c, mb_checksum);
   1025 	putchar(c, mb_checksum >> 8);
   1026 	putchar(c, mb_checksum >> 16);
   1027 	putchar(c, mb_checksum >> 24);
   1028 
   1029 	// multiboot header_addr
   1030 	putchar(c, mb_addr);
   1031 	putchar(c, mb_addr >> 8);
   1032 	putchar(c, mb_addr >> 16);
   1033 	putchar(c, mb_addr >> 24);
   1034 
   1035 	// multiboot load_addr
   1036 	putchar(c, load_addr);
   1037 	putchar(c, load_addr >> 8);
   1038 	putchar(c, load_addr >> 16);
   1039 	putchar(c, load_addr >> 24);
   1040 
   1041 	// multiboot load_end_addr
   1042 	putchar(c, text_end);
   1043 	putchar(c, text_end >> 8);
   1044 	putchar(c, text_end >> 16);
   1045 	putchar(c, text_end >> 24);
   1046 
   1047 	// multiboot bss_end_addr
   1048 	putchar(c, 0);
   1049 	putchar(c, 0);
   1050 	putchar(c, 0);
   1051 	putchar(c, 0);
   1052 
   1053 	// entry_addr
   1054 	putchar(c, kentry);
   1055 	putchar(c, kentry >> 8);
   1056 	putchar(c, kentry >> 16);
   1057 	putchar(c, kentry >> 24);
   1058 
   1059 	// nop sled
   1060 	putchar(c, 0);
   1061 	putchar(c, 0);
   1062 	putchar(c, 0);
   1063 	putchar(c, 0);
   1064 	putchar(c, 0);
   1065 	putchar(c, 0);
   1066 	putchar(c, 0);
   1067 	putchar(c, 0);
   1068 
   1069 	b = c.text;
   1070 	loop {
   1071 		if (!b) {
   1072 			break;
   1073 		}
   1074 		i = 0;
   1075 		loop {
   1076 			if (i >= b.fill) {
   1077 				break;
   1078 			}
   1079 			putchar(c, b.buf[i] as int);
   1080 			i = i + 1;
   1081 		}
   1082 		b = b.next;
   1083 	}
   1084 
   1085 	fflush(c.out);
   1086 
   1087 	if c.lines_out {
   1088 		fflush(c.lines_out);
   1089 	}
   1090 }
   1091 
   1092 func as_emit(a: *assembler, b: int) {
   1093 	emit(a, b);
   1094 }
   1095 
   1096 func emit_align(c: *assembler, n: int, b: int) {
   1097 	var pad: int;
   1098 
   1099 	pad = c.at & (n - 1);
   1100 
   1101 	if pad == 0 {
   1102 		return;
   1103 	}
   1104 
   1105 	loop {
   1106 		if pad == n {
   1107 			break;
   1108 		}
   1109 
   1110 		as_emit(c, b);
   1111 
   1112 		pad = pad + 1;
   1113 	}
   1114 }
   1115